The Situational Occurrence Of Congolese / Zairian Students...

In this study, data will be collected and managed for the investigation that will be conducted to study the situational occurrence of Congolese/Zairian students exposed to menaces pushing them to initiate migration. This population is constituted of students’ grade level range from junior high, high School, and second Year College students who are the targeted population for this study. The population to be studied is categorized as students that never experienced the migration, those are migrating for the first time and those that never migrated before and are stable. During this study, the researcher will adopt a plan before proceeding with data collection and how data will be managed. The study must initialize the management of the data evidence collection and data that are collected. According to Yin (2013) any encountered competing interpretations that will be discovered in the data must be reported to ensure its credibility for the study. Additionally, during the researc h, the most significant elements of the study must be addressed by the data analysis (Yin, 2009). Data and information will be collected and recorded to ensure reliability and validity of the research result. Measurement is at the core of doing research (Santayana, 2011). The progress of doing research is measured by its quantity, not its quality (Santayana, 2011). Collecting enough data is advisable since after measurement some of the data would be discredited. This

Review Of The Great White Man - 1104 Words

Getting back to the idea of how music plays an important role in this film, however, we must see how Schweitzer’s authority is challenged. Schweitzer tries to drown out the African boy’s drumming with his organ, but the drumming persists. The African boy, Higginson argues, is trying to invite Schweitzer to a musical dialogue. However, â€Å"the Great White Man refuses to hear the drum’s musical offering; yet, the drum responds to the rhythm of the keyboard.† The part where the colonial powers influenced this boy is when Schweitzer gives this boy a trumpet to play instead of the drum as a Christmas present. On a more positive note, Higginson argues that on the day that Gabon achieves independence, â€Å"the trumpet player frees himself from the Great†¦show more content†¦Dieng, unable to read, signs contracts that he does not know for sure what exactly they entail. He even needed to pay someone to read the letter from Abdou that said Abdou sent hi m a money order. He also cannot cash in the money order without an identity card or â€Å"something with [his] picture on it†. And in order to get an identity card, according to Sarah L. Lincoln in her article titled â€Å"Consumption and Dependency in Mandabi, he needs â€Å"he needs a birth certificate, three photographs and fifty cents.† Another impact of colonialism is that cities like Dakar have no employment opportunities. Abdou has gone to Paris and picks up a working class job as a street sweeper. He has also gone to Paris in order to be educated in trade. He works all day and studies at night according to Lincoln. This is just one example of many in which Africans see Europe as a land that has much more opportunities. Even when Africans do live in European countries, they are not usually thriving so much, as evident by the fact that Abdou is working a modest, low paying job and he is not having a very nice time in Paris. Still, like many, he is willing to sac rifice his enjoyment for a while in order to have a better future. Senegal has also adopted a credit system that exists in the western world. According to Lincoln, Sembene argues that paying on credit can ruin a family financially, which is shown by the end of the film when Dieng’s and his family lose even their house.Show MoreRelatedThe Autobiography By Frederick Douglass1632 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrative is Douglass’s own work and is entirely truthful. It gives the book its merits to become a bestseller. Garrison also gives a story about a white man that was ship wreck and became a slave or Africa for three years. After he was found he was unable to remove his language and his power a reason. This concluded that the Detroit deterioration of the man s mine to a result of slavery you and not to a certain race. Garrison off so discusses the issues of slave-owners Kelly slaves and being not punishedRead MoreWarning : The Following Review1052 Words   |  5 PagesWARN ING: The following review contains spoilers, I’m telling you now so you don’t pretend to be outraged later. I have to be honest here, when I first saw the trailer for Get Out, I legitimately thought it was a joke, like seriously. It looked so ridiculous that when I saw Jordan Peele’s name on it, I thought â€Å"ok good one, you got me†. To my surprise, it wasn’t a joke and suddenly I went â€Å"That’s a funny trailer†¦it s serious Oh dear God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If you can imagine my shock of this being a realRead MoreRacial Tension During The Great Migration Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesCierra Stevens Professor Rankin FYS100ZA Discovery: America Now 11 November 2016 Racial Tension in the North During the Great Migration 1910-1920 After the post-Civil War reconstruction era in 1879, white supremacy was at an all-time high. There was economic deprivation as the boll weevil and flooding exterminated cash crops like cotton, resulting in poor crop yields and an uncertain economy(Clark); threats from the supposedly subdued Ku Klux Klan, the need for better jobs, and segregation dueRead More Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pages Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Notes of a Native Son, a widely acclaimed and celebrated book by James Baldwin was subjected to many reviews upon its first publication. There were many opposing views between reviewers but almost all came to the conclusion that Baldwin’s use of words was extremely eloquent and intelligent. Specifically an article titled â€Å"Rage unto Order† by Dachine Rainer was very adamant about Baldwin’s genius as a writer but hardly did anything to explain or exemplify thatRead MoreEssay on Annotated Bibliography: Robert Graves1099 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Robert Graves 1dkennedy.org. (2004, July 15). The Greek Myths: 1 - Robert Graves. Retrieved from dkennedy.org Book reviews: http://www.dkennedy.org/C2025243227/E518045992/index.html This analysis of Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, was far from what I expected. The author begins with stating that he is a great admirer of Robert Graves and has always enjoyed reading the Greek Myths. However, he goes on to say that Robert Graves take on the Greek Myths was gearedRead MoreSummary Of The Help 1012 Words   |  5 Pages09/15/2015 ENG142 â€Å"The Help† Annotated Bibliography Tiffin University Pulg, Claudia. â€Å"‘The Help’: It’s Fine Work All Around.† USA Today. Web. 9 Aug (2011) . In her review, Claudia was basically focused on how the movie was based on racism and that in this time in the 1960’s that the movie would not be a great movie to see. Claudia, states this statement because of all issues that were going on with the civil rights at the time and how their services as maids were taken for granted.Read MoreThe Autobiography of the Ex-Colored Man: The Ability to Pass Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pages The Autobiography of the Ex-Colored Man: The Ability to Pass The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man depicts the narrator as a liminal character. Beginning with an oblivious knowledge of race as a child, and which racial group he belonged, to his well knowing of â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† and the ability to pass as both. On the account of liminality, the narrator is presenting himself as an outsider. Because he is both a â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† male, he does not fit in with either racial group. In the autobiographyRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesWriter-director Paul Haggis Movie â€Å"Crash† written in 2004, tells an interconnecting story of what Whites, Blacks, Latinos, Iranians, cops and criminals. Regardless of their Social Economic Academic or Political background, they are all defined in one way or another by racism. Crash represents the modern condition as a violent bumper car ride (Variety) which connects stories based on coincidences serendipity, and luck as the lives of the characters crash against one another. The movie presumes thatRead MoreStruggles and Tensions in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson1437 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience sees Willys struggle with his career in the following: But I gotta be at it ten, twelve hours a day. Other men- I dont know- they do it easier. I dont know why- I cant stop myself- I talk too much. A man oughta come in with few words. One thing about Charley. Hes a man of few words, and they respect him. (Miller 1703) As seen in this dialogue, Willy believes that he has to work harder than other men in order to stay in business. Willy is struggling with feeling worthless. His wholeRead MoreThe American Dream By Edgar Allan Poe1476 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout American history, there is a variety of great authors who have brought the many genres of literature we have today. Many hear names like Edgar Allan Poe and automatically think of a dark short story, or two, from his collection of works. But how many authors are there which give strong visualization and experiences that not many individuals may get the chance to examine in their life? Around the early 20th century, African Americans were slowly progressing into being intergraded in society

Vaccine Production The Egg Based Method - 2158 Words

Vaccines play an important part in how we deal with diseases. It allows you to increase your immunity to the disease for any future attacks and also prevents outbreaks of diseases. In producing a vaccine there are three the first steps is Inactivation, Second step Purification, and the step is Formulation. Within these steps there are three main methods of vaccine production the Egg-based method, Cell Cultured method, and the Recombinant DNA method. These three main methods produce the different types of vaccines that we currently have today. What is a Vaccine? Vaccines are an important necessity to us, due to its creation we â€Å"enable our body s natural defenses, i.e. our immune system, to fight and defend our body against a disease. When the vaccine is injected into our body, it will trigger an immune response in the same way our body would respond after an exposure to the virus, but without the person suffering symptoms of the disease. Our body s immune system will detect and recognize the pieces of virus or the killed/weakened virus (also known as the antigen) in the vaccine as a foreign invader. Our immune system will then start an immune response by producing proteins called antibodies. The antibody proteins produced by our body during an immune response will then identify and neutralize these foreign viruses or viral particles† (Understanding Vaccines, 2014). Having had this first initial attack from the antigen allows for a faster immune response in any futureShow MoreRelatedVaccination Types Of Influ enza Vaccination927 Words   |  4 Pagesinactivated. Currently, most common type of influenza vaccine is the inactivated type which is grown in chicken eggs. The egg-based production method has its advantages, but its many drawbacks are leading to a shift towards the live-attenuated vaccine which is produced in cell cultures. Both vaccination types protect against the influenza virus by triggering an immune response in the body that releases antibodies to fight off the virus. In the inactivated vaccine, the influenza virus is killed so that it cannotRead MoreEssay about Influenza Vaccines841 Words   |  4 Pageshospitalization and deaths each year. The aim of receiving an annual vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that individuals receive a vaccination for the flu every year, especially for those at high risk for developing serious complications from influenza infections. (Davidson, 2007-2009, Davis, 2007). Vaccines are created using several different methods. However, all vaccines share a similar general goal. That is to weaken the virus or bacteriaRead MoreThe Influenza Virus : Viral And Contagious Disease Essay2013 Words   |  9 Pagesthere were no effective treatments that helped kill the viral strain or prevent its spread. 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Rarity For CRL, resources were important and ALPES represented an opportunity for them. ALPES was the sole producer of SPF eggs in Mexico. A joint venture with ALPES would give CRL a market where basically no competition exists. To enhance this opportunity, CRL will need to contribute funds for the joint venture which would ultimately increase the SPF egg production capacity. Adding this production in Mexico would give competitiveRead MoreH1N11606 Words   |  7 PagesFor the assessment of progress, there have not yet been developed exercises and tests to check the capacity of the laboratory, but these critical activity requirements still work. Quantitative production of the A (H1N1) anti-viral vaccine - specific or cocktail - with other large-scale antiviral vaccines - is provided by global drug manufacturers. The unanimous population of the population, well-maintained media (Swine flu crisis - H1N1 virus out of control. 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The Continuum Of Perception, I Tend Toward Intuition

On the continuum of perception, I tend toward Intuition. There are both positives and negatives to this preference. On the positive side, my intuition can go a long way toward perceiving the needs of others and helping to create a positive working environment for my employees. On the negative side, however, my preference for intuition rather than sensing the world around me plays into one of my perceived weaknesses, which is that, since I am a fairly mild-mannered and non-aggressive person, people could perceive me, in turn, as weak or someone who can be walked over. The reality is that I have a strong personality and I work to be diplomatic in the face of adversity, which my supervisors continually note is an area of strength. This lends itself well to my current leadership style, which is a blend of democratic, synergistic, and servant leader. I like to put the onus of responsibility on my employees such that they can buy into the work that they are doing. A part of this is creatin g a team atmosphere, even against my own personal preferences, to make sure there is a diverse talent pool addressing each constituency and issue. Finally, as a servant leader, it is my duty to create an environment for my employees’ success that fosters their growth. As a thinking person, I have already shared how I am data-driven and strong in my analytical abilities. A threat in my field is the oftentimes lack of data to support a project or a decision. I have taken the time to get comfortableShow MoreRelated Immanuel Kant’s Metaphysics Essay3676 Words   |  15 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Metaphysics THEME In regard to Metaphysics, Kant’s results were seemingly the opposite to what he strove to achieve, cf. the claim, in his Introduction, that â€Å"In this enquiry . . . 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Atestat Coca Cola Free Essays

string(49) " reducing the amount of caffeine in its product\." Introduction More than a century after the creation of Coca-Cola,we’re still as much in love with this famous soft drink as our great-grandparents were. Hold up a Coke and you proclaim all that’s best about the American way of life. Coca-Cola is also one of the most successful companies the world has ever known; nothing can be that big and popular, so much a part of everyday life,without having legends spring up around it. We will write a custom essay sample on Atestat Coca Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of Coca-Cola is a story of special moments – times with family and friends and special occasions when Coke was naturally there. Every person who drinks a Coca-Cola enjoys a moment of refreshment-and share in an experience that millions of others have savored. And all of those individual experiences combined have created a worldwide phenomenon – a truly global brand that plays its own small part on the world stage. Coca-Cola touches the lives of millions of people each and every day. The brand has become a special part of people’s lives. Refreshment is a language everyone understands and no one speaks it better than Coca-Cola. This is the reason why I decided to write about â€Å"America’s Real Choiceâ€Å", Coca-Cola. So†¦ Have a Coke and a smile ! ( History Birth of Coca Cola It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the Statue of Liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs’ Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed — this new drink was something special. So Jacobs’ Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. Pemberton’s bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created. Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300. Candler would become the Company’s first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. [pic] New Coke On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the  formula  of the drink with â€Å"New Coke†. Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and  Pepsi. New Coke was the unofficial name of the sweeter formulation introduced in 1985 by The Cola-Cola Company to replace its flagship soft drink,Cola-Cola or Coke. Properly speaking,it had no separate name of its own, but simply known as â€Å"the new taste of Coca-Cola â€Å", until 1992 when it was renamed Coca-Cola II. Public reaction to the change was devastating,and the new Cola quickly entered the pantheon of major marketing flops . The subsequent reintroduction of Coke’s original formula led to a significant gain in sales. [pic] [pic] 21st Century On February 7,2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of 2005 they planned a launch of a Diet Coke product sweetened with the artificial sweetener sucralose (â€Å"Splenda†), the same sweetener currently used in Pepsi One. On March 21,2005,it announced another diet product, â€Å"Coca-Cola Zero†, sweetened partly with a blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium. Recently Coca-Cola has begun to sell a new â€Å"healthy soda† Diet Coke with Vitamins B6, B12, Magnesium, Niacin and Zinc, marketed as â€Å"Diet Coke Plus†. In April 2007, in Canada, the name â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† was changed back to â€Å"Coca-Cola†. The word â€Å"Classic† was removed because â€Å"New Coke† as no longer in production, eliminated the need to differentiate between the two. The formula remained unchanged. Production Original formula [pic] The  Coca-Cola formula  is  The Coca-Cola Company’s secret recipe for  Coca-Cola. As a  publicity,  marketing and  intellectual property  protection strategy started by  Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held  trade secret known only to a few employees, mostly  executives. Published versions say it contains  sugar  or  high fructose corn syrup,  caramel color,  caffeine,  phosphoric acid,  coca extract,  kola nut  extract,  lime  extract,  vanilla, and  glycerin. The basic â€Å"cola† taste from Coca-Cola and competing cola drinks comes mainly from  vanilla  and  cinnamon; distinctive tastes among various brands are the result of trace flavorings such as  orange,  lime  and  lemon  and spices such as  nutmeg. Some natural colas also include  cola nut; Coca-Cola does not, and chemical testing reveals none. Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of coca-based medicines that claimed benefits to health; in Coca-Cola’s case it claimed to alleviate headaches and to be a â€Å"brain and nerve tonic†. Coca leaves were used in its preparation, and the small amounts of cocaine provided a buzz to drinkers. In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, started using caffeine as the buzz-giving element,[and started dropping all the medicinal claims. Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with â€Å"spent† coca leaves, which have gone through a cocaine extraction process, and served only to flavor the beverage. These changes were in response to increasing pressure from the  Food and Drug Administration, which was carrying a campaign against harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, under the direction of  Harvey Washington Wiley. The coca leaves are imported from Peru, and they are treated by US chemical company  Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. Since 1929, the beverage only contains trace amounts of cocaine  alkaloids, not enough to have any effect. The  Coca-Cola Company  currently refuses to confirm whether Coca-Cola still contains spent  coca  leaves, saying that this is part of the secret formula. In 1911 the Food and Drug Administration tried to get caffeine removed from Coca-Cola’s formula in  United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, claiming that it was harmful to health. The FDA lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in 1916 by the Supreme Court. Coca-Cola settled to avoid further litigation, paying all legal costs and reducing the amount of caffeine in its product. You read "Atestat Coca Cola" in category "Papers" The government passed bills forcing caffeine to be listed in the ingredient list of beverages. Other formulas In the United States, Coca-Cola normally uses  high-fructose corn syrup  instead of  sugar  as its main sweetener, due to the combined effect of corn subsidies and sugar import tariffs making HFCS substantially cheaper. There are two main sources of sugar-based Coca-Cola in the United States: Kosher Coca-Cola – produced for  Passover  is sold in 2-liter bottles with a yellow cap marked with an OU-P, indicating that the  Orthodox Jewish Union  certifies the soda as  Kosher for Passover, or with a white cap with a CRC-P indicating that the certification is provided by the  Chicago Rabbinical Council. While the usual Coca-Cola formula is  kosher  (the original  glycerin  from  beef tallow  having been replaced by vegetable glycerin), during Passover  Ashkenazi Jews  do not consume  Kitniyot, which prevents them from consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Even sugar-based formulas would still require certification of both the formula and the specific bottling plant, as the strictures of  Kashrut  on Passover are far higher and more complicated than usual kosher observance. Mexican Coca-Cola – In the  United States, there is strong demand from Latin-American immigrant customers for the Coke they drank â€Å"back home†, so Mexican sugar-based Coca-Cola in  traditional contour bottles  is sold in ethnic markets. In recent times, a cult following has emerged amongst younger Coke drinkers who believe this to be the pre-New Coke original formula. The company advises people seeking a sugar-based Coca-Cola to buy â€Å"Mexican Coke†. Coca-Cola commercial : On January 23, 2011, during an NFL commercial, Coca-Cola teased that they would share the secret formula only to flash a comical â€Å"formula† for a few frames. This required the use of DVR to freeze on the formula for any analysis, which ultimately proved to be a marketing ploy with no intention of sharing the full official formula. Ingredients listed in the commercial: Nutmeg Oil, Lime Juice, Cocoa, Vanilla, Caffeine, â€Å"flavoring†, and a smile. pic] Bottle design The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the â€Å"contour bottle† within the company, but known to some as the â€Å"hobble skirt† bottle, was created by bottle designer  Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the  Coca-Cola Company  launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, â⠂¬Å"a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was. † Chapman J. Root, president of  the Root Glass Company  of  Terre Haute, Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and  Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle’s design on one of the soda’s two ingredients, the  coca leaf  or the  kola nut, but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the  Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library  and were unable to find any information about coca or kola. Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped  cocoa pod  in theEncyclop? dia Britannica. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Root gave Dean his approval. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a  design patent  was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on  conveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle’s middle diameter. During the 1916 bottler’s convention, Dean’s contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the  Coca-Cola Company. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet†¦ â€Å"even in the dark! â€Å". In 1997, Coca-Cola introduced a â€Å"contour can,† similar in shape to its famous bottle, on a few test markets, including Terre Haute, Indiana. The can has never been widely released. A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia on December 20, 2006; it cost AU$1. 95. The cans have a resemblance to  energy drink  cans. The cans were commissioned by Domino’s Pizza and are available exclusively at their restaurants. In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† labeling, removing the â€Å"Classic† designation, leaving only â€Å"Coca-Cola. † Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name change and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the â€Å"Classic† logo in the United States. In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass Coca-Cola bottles. In 2007, the company’s logo on cans and bottles changed. The cans and bottles retained the red color and familiar typeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl (the â€Å"dynamic ribbon†). In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including the larger 1. 5- and 2-liter bottles) were changed to include a new plastic  screw cap  and a slightly taller contoured bottle shape, designed to evoke the old glass bottles. [pic] [pic] [pic] Advertising Slogans for Coca-Cola Throughout the years, the slogans used in advertising for Coca-Cola have reflected not only the brand,but the times. Slogans provide a simple, direct way to communicate about Coca-Cola. The 1906 slogan, â€Å"The Great National Temperance Beverage†, reflects a time when the society in the United States was veering away fron alcoholic beverages, and Coca-Cola provided a nice alternative. Other slogans have concerned our sales figures, such as â€Å"Three Million a Day† from 1927 or â€Å" Six Million a Day† from 1925. In terms of drinks a day, that’s a vast difference from the one billion a day mark The Coca-Cola Company passed in 1997. Some slogans for Coca-Cola have concentrated on the quality of the product, its refreshing taste,or even its role in entertaining,as in 1948’s â€Å"Where There’s Coke There’s Hospitality†. In 1985, the introduction of a new taste of Coca-Cola (commonly called new Coke ®) and the reintroduction of Coca-Cola classic and the original formula led to multiple slogans. 1985 featured â€Å"America’s Real Choice†, while by 1986,two slogans were used to differenciate the brands,with â€Å"Red,White and You† for Coca-Cola classic and â€Å"Catch the Waveâ€Å" for Coca-Cola. Some advertisments themselves rise to the level of memorable slogans. The 1971 â€Å"Hilltop† ad featured a song with the words â€Å"I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke†. Althought that wasn’t an actual slogan (the ad in fact was part of the â€Å"It’s Real Thing† campaign), the ad and song lyrics are still so well known today that the lyrics are considered a slogan to many. In January 2003, latest slogan for Coca-Cola was introduced – â€Å"Coca-Cola†¦ Real†. The Campaign(and slogan in turn) reflects genuine, authentic moments in life and the natural role Coca-Cola plays in them. Coca-Cola has been notable for its advertising slogan over the years, since its inception in 1886. †¢ 1886 – Drink Coca-Cola †¢ 1904 – Delicious and refreshing. †¢ 1905 – Coca-Cola revives and sustains. †¢ 1906 – The great national temperance beverage. †¢ 1908 – Good til the last drop †¢ 1917 – Three million a day. †¢ 1922 – Thirst knows no season. †¢ 1923 – Enjoy life. †¢ 1924 – Refresh yourself. †¢ 1925 – Six million a day. †¢ 1926 – It had to be good to get where it is. †¢ 1927 – Pure as Sunlight †¢ 1927 – Around the corner from anywhere. †¢ 1928 – Coca-Cola †¦ pure drink of natural flavors. 1929 – The pause that refreshes. †¢ 1932 – Ice-cold sunshine †¢ 1937 – America’s favorite moment. †¢ 1938 – The best friend thirst ever had. †¢ 1938 – Thirst ask s nothing more. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola goes along. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola has the taste thirst goes for. †¢ 1939 – Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think ofrefreshment, think of ice cold Coca-Cola. †¢ 1941 – Coca-Cola is Coke! †¢ 1942 – The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself. †¢ 1944 – How about a Coke? †¢ 1945 – Coke means Coca-Cola. †¢ 1945 – Passport to refreshment. 1947 – Coke knows no season. †¢ 1948 – Where there’s Coke there’s hospitality. †¢ 1949 – Coca-Cola †¦ along the highway to anywhere. †¢ 1952 – What you want is a Coke. †¢ 1954 – For people on the go. †¢ 1956 – Coca-Cola †¦ makes good things taste better. †¢ 1957 – The sign of good taste. †¢ 1958 – The Cold, Crisp Taste of Coke †¢ 1959 – Be really refreshed. †¢ 1963 – Things go better with Coke. †¢ 1966 – Coke †¦ after Coke †¦ after Coke. †¢ 1969 – It’s the real thing. †¢ 1971 – I’d like to buy the world a Coke. †¢ 1974 – Look for the real things. †¢ 1976 – Coke adds life. 1979 –  Have a Coke and a smile †¢ 1982 – Coke is it! †¢ 1985 – America’s Real Choice †¢ 1986 – Red White You (for  Coca-Cola  Classic) †¢ 1986 –  Catch the Wave  (for  New Coke) †¢ 1989 – Can’t Beat the Feeling. (also used in the UK) †¢ 1991 – Can’t Beat the Real Thing. (for Coca-Cola Classic) †¢ 1993 – Always Coca-Cola. †¢ 2000 – Enjoy. †¢ 2001 – Life tastes good. (also used in the UK) †¢ 2003 – Real. †¢ 2005 – Make It Real. †¢ 2006 – The Coke Side of Life (used also in the UK) †¢ 2007 †“ Live on the Coke Side of Life (also used in the UK) †¢ 2008 – love it light (also used in the UK) 2009 –  Open Happiness †¢ 2010 – Twist The Cap To Refreshment †¢ 2011 – Life Begins Here Coca-Cola and Santa Claus Though he was not the first artist to create an image of Santa Claus for Coca-Cola advertising, Haddon Sundblom’s version became the standard for other Santa renditions and is the most-enduring and widespread depiction of the holiday icon to this day. Coca-Cola’s Santa artworks would change the world’s perception of the North Pole’s most-famous resident forever and would be adopted by people around the world as the popular image of Santa. In the 1920s, The Coca-Cola Company began to promote soft drink consumption for the winter holidays in U. S. magazines. The first Santa ads for Coke used a strict-looking Claus. In 1930, a Coca-Cola advertised with a painting by Fred Mizen, showing a department store Santa impersonator drinking a bottle of Coke amid a crowd of shoppers and their children. Not long after, a magical transformation took place. Archie Lee, then the agency advertising executive for The Coca-Cola Company, wanted the next campaign to show a wholesome Santa as both realistic and symbolic. In 1931, the Company commissioned Haddon Sundblom, a Michigan-born illustrator and already a creative giant in the industry, to develop advertising images using Santa Claus. Sundblom envisioned this merry gentleman as an opposite of the meager look of department store Santa imitators from early 20th century America. Sundblom’s Santa was very different from the other Santa artworks: he radiated warmth, reminded people of their favorite grandfather, a friendly man who lived life to the fullest, loved children, enjoyed a little honest mischief, and feasted on snacks left out for him each Christmas Eve. Coca-Cola’s Christmas campaign featuring this captivating Santa ran year after year. As distribution of Coca-Cola and its ads spread farther around the world, Sundblom’s Santa Claus became more memorable each season, in more and more countries. The character became so likable, The Coca-Cola Company and Haddon Sundblom struck a partnership that would last for decades. Over a span of 33 years, Haddon Sundblom painted imaginative versions of the â€Å"Coca-Cola Santa Claus† for for Coke advertising, retail displays and posters. In 1951, Sundblom captured the Coca-Cola Santa â€Å"making his list and checking it twice. † However, the ads did not acknowledge that bad children existed and showed pages of good boys and girls only. Mischievous and magical, the Coca-Cola Santa was not above raiding the refrigerator during his annual rounds, stealing a playful moment with excited children and pets, or pausing to enjoy a Coca-Cola during stops on his one-night, worldwide trek. When air adventures became popular, Santa also could be caught playing with a toy helicopter around the tree. Haddon Sundblom passed away in 1976, but The Coca-Cola Company continues to use a variety of his timeless depictions of Saint Nicholas in holiday advertising, packaging and other promotional activities. The classic Coca-Cola Santa images created by Sundblom are as ubiquitous today as the character they represent and have become universally accepted as the personification of the patron saint of both children and Christmas. [pic] [pic] [pic] Criticism The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s. Allegations against the company are varied and criticism has been based around; possible health effects of Coca-Cola products, questionable labour practices (including allegations of involvement with paramilitary organisations in suppression of  trade unions), the company’s poor  environmental  record, perception of the companies engagement in  monopolistic  business practices, questionable  marketing  strategies and violations of  intellectual property  rights. Perception of the company as behaving unethically has led to the formation of pressure groups such as â€Å"Killer Coke†, boycotts of Coca-Cola and related products and lawsuits. Health effects [pic] [pic] Since studies indicate â€Å"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in American diet†,most  nutritionists  advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of  calcium,  magnesium,  ascorbic acid,  riboflavin, and  vitamin A. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of  caffeine, which can cause  physical dependence. A link has been shown between long-term regular  cola  intake and  osteoporosis  in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of  phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas. Acidity and tooth decay Numerous court cases have been filed against the Coca-Cola Company since the 1940s alleging that the  acidity  of the drink is dangerous. In some of these cases, evidence has been presented showing  Coca-Cola  is no more harmful than comparable  soft drinks  or  acidic  fruit juices. Frequent exposure of  teeth  to acidic drinks increases the risk of tooth damage throughdental erosion. This form of tooth decay is unrelated to  dental caries. High fructose corn syrup High fructose corn syrup  was rapidly introduced in many processed foods and soda drinks in the US over the period of about 1975–1985. Since 1985 in the U. S. , Coke has been made with  high fructose corn syrup  instead of  sucrose  to reduce costs. One of the reasons this has come under criticism is because the  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants. Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  diabetes. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to be metabolized differently than sugar by the human body. This causes problems with Coke’s distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community. Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found in some areas of the US around April. [pic] Conclusion The Coca Cola Company is currently one of the biggest and most recognized soft beverage brands in the world. With over 3000 products in more than 200 countries, the Coca-Cola Company has surely become part of people’s lives. The Coca-Cola Company owes its success to the people who do their best to achieve the task at hand. In conclusion, Coca-Cola is a successful product, not only because it has built a recognizable logo and brand name, but mostly because it has managed to position its brand in a way that takes advantage of all the elements of marketing mix, place price and promotion/distribution. In doing so, it achieves to develop a brand personality and distinguish itself from competition, while offering consumers a clear view of its brand values. This leads to increased brand loyalty and satisfaction. [pic] Dear Coca-Cola, We do not share a physical or emotional relationship,nor are we related in any way because, even though we’ve both been designed using that incredible material called water, I’m vertebrate and you don’t have a spine. Even though you couldn’t talk, you were great company during those hot summer days and also during the freezing moments of winter. When it comes to you, thirst knows no season. It made my blood boil when they said you were a menace to ecology and a threat to the human anatomy. How to cite Atestat Coca Cola, Papers

Atestat Coca Cola Free Essays

string(49) " reducing the amount of caffeine in its product\." Introduction More than a century after the creation of Coca-Cola,we’re still as much in love with this famous soft drink as our great-grandparents were. Hold up a Coke and you proclaim all that’s best about the American way of life. Coca-Cola is also one of the most successful companies the world has ever known; nothing can be that big and popular, so much a part of everyday life,without having legends spring up around it. We will write a custom essay sample on Atestat Coca Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of Coca-Cola is a story of special moments – times with family and friends and special occasions when Coke was naturally there. Every person who drinks a Coca-Cola enjoys a moment of refreshment-and share in an experience that millions of others have savored. And all of those individual experiences combined have created a worldwide phenomenon – a truly global brand that plays its own small part on the world stage. Coca-Cola touches the lives of millions of people each and every day. The brand has become a special part of people’s lives. Refreshment is a language everyone understands and no one speaks it better than Coca-Cola. This is the reason why I decided to write about â€Å"America’s Real Choiceâ€Å", Coca-Cola. So†¦ Have a Coke and a smile ! ( History Birth of Coca Cola It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the Statue of Liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs’ Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed — this new drink was something special. So Jacobs’ Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. Pemberton’s bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created. Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300. Candler would become the Company’s first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. [pic] New Coke On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the  formula  of the drink with â€Å"New Coke†. Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and  Pepsi. New Coke was the unofficial name of the sweeter formulation introduced in 1985 by The Cola-Cola Company to replace its flagship soft drink,Cola-Cola or Coke. Properly speaking,it had no separate name of its own, but simply known as â€Å"the new taste of Coca-Cola â€Å", until 1992 when it was renamed Coca-Cola II. Public reaction to the change was devastating,and the new Cola quickly entered the pantheon of major marketing flops . The subsequent reintroduction of Coke’s original formula led to a significant gain in sales. [pic] [pic] 21st Century On February 7,2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of 2005 they planned a launch of a Diet Coke product sweetened with the artificial sweetener sucralose (â€Å"Splenda†), the same sweetener currently used in Pepsi One. On March 21,2005,it announced another diet product, â€Å"Coca-Cola Zero†, sweetened partly with a blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium. Recently Coca-Cola has begun to sell a new â€Å"healthy soda† Diet Coke with Vitamins B6, B12, Magnesium, Niacin and Zinc, marketed as â€Å"Diet Coke Plus†. In April 2007, in Canada, the name â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† was changed back to â€Å"Coca-Cola†. The word â€Å"Classic† was removed because â€Å"New Coke† as no longer in production, eliminated the need to differentiate between the two. The formula remained unchanged. Production Original formula [pic] The  Coca-Cola formula  is  The Coca-Cola Company’s secret recipe for  Coca-Cola. As a  publicity,  marketing and  intellectual property  protection strategy started by  Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held  trade secret known only to a few employees, mostly  executives. Published versions say it contains  sugar  or  high fructose corn syrup,  caramel color,  caffeine,  phosphoric acid,  coca extract,  kola nut  extract,  lime  extract,  vanilla, and  glycerin. The basic â€Å"cola† taste from Coca-Cola and competing cola drinks comes mainly from  vanilla  and  cinnamon; distinctive tastes among various brands are the result of trace flavorings such as  orange,  lime  and  lemon  and spices such as  nutmeg. Some natural colas also include  cola nut; Coca-Cola does not, and chemical testing reveals none. Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of coca-based medicines that claimed benefits to health; in Coca-Cola’s case it claimed to alleviate headaches and to be a â€Å"brain and nerve tonic†. Coca leaves were used in its preparation, and the small amounts of cocaine provided a buzz to drinkers. In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, started using caffeine as the buzz-giving element,[and started dropping all the medicinal claims. Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with â€Å"spent† coca leaves, which have gone through a cocaine extraction process, and served only to flavor the beverage. These changes were in response to increasing pressure from the  Food and Drug Administration, which was carrying a campaign against harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, under the direction of  Harvey Washington Wiley. The coca leaves are imported from Peru, and they are treated by US chemical company  Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. Since 1929, the beverage only contains trace amounts of cocaine  alkaloids, not enough to have any effect. The  Coca-Cola Company  currently refuses to confirm whether Coca-Cola still contains spent  coca  leaves, saying that this is part of the secret formula. In 1911 the Food and Drug Administration tried to get caffeine removed from Coca-Cola’s formula in  United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, claiming that it was harmful to health. The FDA lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in 1916 by the Supreme Court. Coca-Cola settled to avoid further litigation, paying all legal costs and reducing the amount of caffeine in its product. You read "Atestat Coca Cola" in category "Papers" The government passed bills forcing caffeine to be listed in the ingredient list of beverages. Other formulas In the United States, Coca-Cola normally uses  high-fructose corn syrup  instead of  sugar  as its main sweetener, due to the combined effect of corn subsidies and sugar import tariffs making HFCS substantially cheaper. There are two main sources of sugar-based Coca-Cola in the United States: Kosher Coca-Cola – produced for  Passover  is sold in 2-liter bottles with a yellow cap marked with an OU-P, indicating that the  Orthodox Jewish Union  certifies the soda as  Kosher for Passover, or with a white cap with a CRC-P indicating that the certification is provided by the  Chicago Rabbinical Council. While the usual Coca-Cola formula is  kosher  (the original  glycerin  from  beef tallow  having been replaced by vegetable glycerin), during Passover  Ashkenazi Jews  do not consume  Kitniyot, which prevents them from consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Even sugar-based formulas would still require certification of both the formula and the specific bottling plant, as the strictures of  Kashrut  on Passover are far higher and more complicated than usual kosher observance. Mexican Coca-Cola – In the  United States, there is strong demand from Latin-American immigrant customers for the Coke they drank â€Å"back home†, so Mexican sugar-based Coca-Cola in  traditional contour bottles  is sold in ethnic markets. In recent times, a cult following has emerged amongst younger Coke drinkers who believe this to be the pre-New Coke original formula. The company advises people seeking a sugar-based Coca-Cola to buy â€Å"Mexican Coke†. Coca-Cola commercial : On January 23, 2011, during an NFL commercial, Coca-Cola teased that they would share the secret formula only to flash a comical â€Å"formula† for a few frames. This required the use of DVR to freeze on the formula for any analysis, which ultimately proved to be a marketing ploy with no intention of sharing the full official formula. Ingredients listed in the commercial: Nutmeg Oil, Lime Juice, Cocoa, Vanilla, Caffeine, â€Å"flavoring†, and a smile. pic] Bottle design The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the â€Å"contour bottle† within the company, but known to some as the â€Å"hobble skirt† bottle, was created by bottle designer  Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the  Coca-Cola Company  launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, â⠂¬Å"a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was. † Chapman J. Root, president of  the Root Glass Company  of  Terre Haute, Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and  Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle’s design on one of the soda’s two ingredients, the  coca leaf  or the  kola nut, but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the  Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library  and were unable to find any information about coca or kola. Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped  cocoa pod  in theEncyclop? dia Britannica. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Root gave Dean his approval. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a  design patent  was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on  conveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle’s middle diameter. During the 1916 bottler’s convention, Dean’s contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the  Coca-Cola Company. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet†¦ â€Å"even in the dark! â€Å". In 1997, Coca-Cola introduced a â€Å"contour can,† similar in shape to its famous bottle, on a few test markets, including Terre Haute, Indiana. The can has never been widely released. A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia on December 20, 2006; it cost AU$1. 95. The cans have a resemblance to  energy drink  cans. The cans were commissioned by Domino’s Pizza and are available exclusively at their restaurants. In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† labeling, removing the â€Å"Classic† designation, leaving only â€Å"Coca-Cola. † Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name change and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the â€Å"Classic† logo in the United States. In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass Coca-Cola bottles. In 2007, the company’s logo on cans and bottles changed. The cans and bottles retained the red color and familiar typeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl (the â€Å"dynamic ribbon†). In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including the larger 1. 5- and 2-liter bottles) were changed to include a new plastic  screw cap  and a slightly taller contoured bottle shape, designed to evoke the old glass bottles. [pic] [pic] [pic] Advertising Slogans for Coca-Cola Throughout the years, the slogans used in advertising for Coca-Cola have reflected not only the brand,but the times. Slogans provide a simple, direct way to communicate about Coca-Cola. The 1906 slogan, â€Å"The Great National Temperance Beverage†, reflects a time when the society in the United States was veering away fron alcoholic beverages, and Coca-Cola provided a nice alternative. Other slogans have concerned our sales figures, such as â€Å"Three Million a Day† from 1927 or â€Å" Six Million a Day† from 1925. In terms of drinks a day, that’s a vast difference from the one billion a day mark The Coca-Cola Company passed in 1997. Some slogans for Coca-Cola have concentrated on the quality of the product, its refreshing taste,or even its role in entertaining,as in 1948’s â€Å"Where There’s Coke There’s Hospitality†. In 1985, the introduction of a new taste of Coca-Cola (commonly called new Coke ®) and the reintroduction of Coca-Cola classic and the original formula led to multiple slogans. 1985 featured â€Å"America’s Real Choice†, while by 1986,two slogans were used to differenciate the brands,with â€Å"Red,White and You† for Coca-Cola classic and â€Å"Catch the Waveâ€Å" for Coca-Cola. Some advertisments themselves rise to the level of memorable slogans. The 1971 â€Å"Hilltop† ad featured a song with the words â€Å"I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke†. Althought that wasn’t an actual slogan (the ad in fact was part of the â€Å"It’s Real Thing† campaign), the ad and song lyrics are still so well known today that the lyrics are considered a slogan to many. In January 2003, latest slogan for Coca-Cola was introduced – â€Å"Coca-Cola†¦ Real†. The Campaign(and slogan in turn) reflects genuine, authentic moments in life and the natural role Coca-Cola plays in them. Coca-Cola has been notable for its advertising slogan over the years, since its inception in 1886. †¢ 1886 – Drink Coca-Cola †¢ 1904 – Delicious and refreshing. †¢ 1905 – Coca-Cola revives and sustains. †¢ 1906 – The great national temperance beverage. †¢ 1908 – Good til the last drop †¢ 1917 – Three million a day. †¢ 1922 – Thirst knows no season. †¢ 1923 – Enjoy life. †¢ 1924 – Refresh yourself. †¢ 1925 – Six million a day. †¢ 1926 – It had to be good to get where it is. †¢ 1927 – Pure as Sunlight †¢ 1927 – Around the corner from anywhere. †¢ 1928 – Coca-Cola †¦ pure drink of natural flavors. 1929 – The pause that refreshes. †¢ 1932 – Ice-cold sunshine †¢ 1937 – America’s favorite moment. †¢ 1938 – The best friend thirst ever had. †¢ 1938 – Thirst ask s nothing more. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola goes along. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola has the taste thirst goes for. †¢ 1939 – Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think ofrefreshment, think of ice cold Coca-Cola. †¢ 1941 – Coca-Cola is Coke! †¢ 1942 – The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself. †¢ 1944 – How about a Coke? †¢ 1945 – Coke means Coca-Cola. †¢ 1945 – Passport to refreshment. 1947 – Coke knows no season. †¢ 1948 – Where there’s Coke there’s hospitality. †¢ 1949 – Coca-Cola †¦ along the highway to anywhere. †¢ 1952 – What you want is a Coke. †¢ 1954 – For people on the go. †¢ 1956 – Coca-Cola †¦ makes good things taste better. †¢ 1957 – The sign of good taste. †¢ 1958 – The Cold, Crisp Taste of Coke †¢ 1959 – Be really refreshed. †¢ 1963 – Things go better with Coke. †¢ 1966 – Coke †¦ after Coke †¦ after Coke. †¢ 1969 – It’s the real thing. †¢ 1971 – I’d like to buy the world a Coke. †¢ 1974 – Look for the real things. †¢ 1976 – Coke adds life. 1979 –  Have a Coke and a smile †¢ 1982 – Coke is it! †¢ 1985 – America’s Real Choice †¢ 1986 – Red White You (for  Coca-Cola  Classic) †¢ 1986 –  Catch the Wave  (for  New Coke) †¢ 1989 – Can’t Beat the Feeling. (also used in the UK) †¢ 1991 – Can’t Beat the Real Thing. (for Coca-Cola Classic) †¢ 1993 – Always Coca-Cola. †¢ 2000 – Enjoy. †¢ 2001 – Life tastes good. (also used in the UK) †¢ 2003 – Real. †¢ 2005 – Make It Real. †¢ 2006 – The Coke Side of Life (used also in the UK) †¢ 2007 †“ Live on the Coke Side of Life (also used in the UK) †¢ 2008 – love it light (also used in the UK) 2009 –  Open Happiness †¢ 2010 – Twist The Cap To Refreshment †¢ 2011 – Life Begins Here Coca-Cola and Santa Claus Though he was not the first artist to create an image of Santa Claus for Coca-Cola advertising, Haddon Sundblom’s version became the standard for other Santa renditions and is the most-enduring and widespread depiction of the holiday icon to this day. Coca-Cola’s Santa artworks would change the world’s perception of the North Pole’s most-famous resident forever and would be adopted by people around the world as the popular image of Santa. In the 1920s, The Coca-Cola Company began to promote soft drink consumption for the winter holidays in U. S. magazines. The first Santa ads for Coke used a strict-looking Claus. In 1930, a Coca-Cola advertised with a painting by Fred Mizen, showing a department store Santa impersonator drinking a bottle of Coke amid a crowd of shoppers and their children. Not long after, a magical transformation took place. Archie Lee, then the agency advertising executive for The Coca-Cola Company, wanted the next campaign to show a wholesome Santa as both realistic and symbolic. In 1931, the Company commissioned Haddon Sundblom, a Michigan-born illustrator and already a creative giant in the industry, to develop advertising images using Santa Claus. Sundblom envisioned this merry gentleman as an opposite of the meager look of department store Santa imitators from early 20th century America. Sundblom’s Santa was very different from the other Santa artworks: he radiated warmth, reminded people of their favorite grandfather, a friendly man who lived life to the fullest, loved children, enjoyed a little honest mischief, and feasted on snacks left out for him each Christmas Eve. Coca-Cola’s Christmas campaign featuring this captivating Santa ran year after year. As distribution of Coca-Cola and its ads spread farther around the world, Sundblom’s Santa Claus became more memorable each season, in more and more countries. The character became so likable, The Coca-Cola Company and Haddon Sundblom struck a partnership that would last for decades. Over a span of 33 years, Haddon Sundblom painted imaginative versions of the â€Å"Coca-Cola Santa Claus† for for Coke advertising, retail displays and posters. In 1951, Sundblom captured the Coca-Cola Santa â€Å"making his list and checking it twice. † However, the ads did not acknowledge that bad children existed and showed pages of good boys and girls only. Mischievous and magical, the Coca-Cola Santa was not above raiding the refrigerator during his annual rounds, stealing a playful moment with excited children and pets, or pausing to enjoy a Coca-Cola during stops on his one-night, worldwide trek. When air adventures became popular, Santa also could be caught playing with a toy helicopter around the tree. Haddon Sundblom passed away in 1976, but The Coca-Cola Company continues to use a variety of his timeless depictions of Saint Nicholas in holiday advertising, packaging and other promotional activities. The classic Coca-Cola Santa images created by Sundblom are as ubiquitous today as the character they represent and have become universally accepted as the personification of the patron saint of both children and Christmas. [pic] [pic] [pic] Criticism The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s. Allegations against the company are varied and criticism has been based around; possible health effects of Coca-Cola products, questionable labour practices (including allegations of involvement with paramilitary organisations in suppression of  trade unions), the company’s poor  environmental  record, perception of the companies engagement in  monopolistic  business practices, questionable  marketing  strategies and violations of  intellectual property  rights. Perception of the company as behaving unethically has led to the formation of pressure groups such as â€Å"Killer Coke†, boycotts of Coca-Cola and related products and lawsuits. Health effects [pic] [pic] Since studies indicate â€Å"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in American diet†,most  nutritionists  advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of  calcium,  magnesium,  ascorbic acid,  riboflavin, and  vitamin A. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of  caffeine, which can cause  physical dependence. A link has been shown between long-term regular  cola  intake and  osteoporosis  in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of  phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas. Acidity and tooth decay Numerous court cases have been filed against the Coca-Cola Company since the 1940s alleging that the  acidity  of the drink is dangerous. In some of these cases, evidence has been presented showing  Coca-Cola  is no more harmful than comparable  soft drinks  or  acidic  fruit juices. Frequent exposure of  teeth  to acidic drinks increases the risk of tooth damage throughdental erosion. This form of tooth decay is unrelated to  dental caries. High fructose corn syrup High fructose corn syrup  was rapidly introduced in many processed foods and soda drinks in the US over the period of about 1975–1985. Since 1985 in the U. S. , Coke has been made with  high fructose corn syrup  instead of  sucrose  to reduce costs. One of the reasons this has come under criticism is because the  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants. Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  diabetes. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to be metabolized differently than sugar by the human body. This causes problems with Coke’s distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community. Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found in some areas of the US around April. [pic] Conclusion The Coca Cola Company is currently one of the biggest and most recognized soft beverage brands in the world. With over 3000 products in more than 200 countries, the Coca-Cola Company has surely become part of people’s lives. The Coca-Cola Company owes its success to the people who do their best to achieve the task at hand. In conclusion, Coca-Cola is a successful product, not only because it has built a recognizable logo and brand name, but mostly because it has managed to position its brand in a way that takes advantage of all the elements of marketing mix, place price and promotion/distribution. In doing so, it achieves to develop a brand personality and distinguish itself from competition, while offering consumers a clear view of its brand values. This leads to increased brand loyalty and satisfaction. [pic] Dear Coca-Cola, We do not share a physical or emotional relationship,nor are we related in any way because, even though we’ve both been designed using that incredible material called water, I’m vertebrate and you don’t have a spine. Even though you couldn’t talk, you were great company during those hot summer days and also during the freezing moments of winter. When it comes to you, thirst knows no season. It made my blood boil when they said you were a menace to ecology and a threat to the human anatomy. How to cite Atestat Coca Cola, Papers

Do You Think That Television Is A free essay sample

Force For Good, A Harmful Influence, Or Both Essay, Research Paper Do you believe that telecasting is a force for good, a harmful influence, or both? What would you make to cut down its possible to harm? immature people in peculiar. Television is a beginning for top amusement adored by all ages but the plans are act uponing the eyes of the viewing audiences both in a good and bad manner. Violence, sex and bad linguistic communication is presently shown at earlier and earlier times, go forthing particularly kids prone to maturate sing. With the telecasting the most watched object in the state, it is non a surprise that about everyone has one in their places. Due to such outlooks from the high attending, each channel must air whatever will do them the most money. This usually includes exciting and saucy scenes. Television presents is a immense icon to kids as this influences them more than anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Think That Television Is A or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They enjoy plans such as Power Rangers which teach them to contend whenever in problem. The moving seems so realistic to the kids that they imitate it, doing force. But Parents are incognizant that kids react to Television in such a manner. Most promote watching the telecasting but are shocked to happen their boy or girl curse. Surely this is inevidable. Frequently the seniors wear? t even cognize if their kid is watching the box at certain times such as if a Television is in their sleeping room or Mum and Dad are late place from work. Television besides encourages rebellion against Parents from such shows as Roseanne . This threatened the subject in the kid? s life as they begin to disregard non merely their parents but everyone, ensuing in bad linguistic communication, seedy apparels, aggressiveness and sexual precocity. Ten old ages ago telecasting would hold neer shown The Jerry Springer Show but in this twenty-four hours and age companies would make anything to derive viewing audiences, even if it is morally corrupt. It teaches them to hold no feelings or to cognize right from incorrect. Presents, it is hard to foretell the adulthood of the kids as there is such a broad scope. So in order to be safe, and non sorry, the broadcasters must anticipate the viewing audiences to be younger than they truly are. This could finally cut down any grownup stuff in any plan. Besides depending on the adulthood of the kids, one could respond to grownup stuff in a bette R manner than another could. But isn? t telecasting watched in order to acquire off from our tiring lives. Don? T we stare at the telecasting, hours on terminal, to watch the Warrior Princess beat the evil firedrake and derive the love of the Prince. We don? T want to see normal mundane events.Although there is a deficiency of educational plans, that doesn? t intend the people aren? T larning anything. The broad scope of athletics broadcasted encourages spectators to take part in avocations. Other shows help young persons to cover with societal jobs from improbable scenes in Eastenders about drugs, sex and mundane jobs. It is a moral coach, steering us through unrecorded. With all the charming and in writing shows on telecasting people certainly must be spread outing their imaginativeness and creativeness. In the ulterior hereafter these thoughts will construct the following coevals for the better. Why are the broadcasters being blamed for what is on telecasting when it is the parents mistake to allow their kids ticker it. Thousands of complains a twenty-four hours are sent towards broadcasters, claiming the childs have picked off by telecasting. Surely some of the parents are happening a whipping boy for their errors and others afraid to happen out what they could larn. The ground why parents are so negative about the Television is that in their young person there was no such pleasances or if so non to such a high quality. Although all the advantages of the telecasting is of import, kids watch far to much of it when they should be making more constructive work. So hence there must be subject from the parents in order to cut down watching hours. This involves chiefly the off switch but other solutions could be used. Parents need to pass more hours with their kids seeking to assist them develop their head. A great manner to make this is in literature, which is another beginning of amusement. Besides there should merely be a maximal of two Television in each households house. Both in impersonal countries e.g. The sitting-room and the kitchen. All these thoughts from telecasting alter the behavior of the immature in the long and short tally but we all could non populate without a telecasting in our mundane lives. It teaches us the rudimentss, Sesame Street, and other cognition? s, Countdown. We may all wish it for its homour or earnestness. But nevertheless grownup stuff will ever be shown on this box of neer stoping narratives.

Political Proximity and International Trade †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Political Proximity and International Trade. Answer: Introduction The World Trade Organisation (WTO) can be identified as an intergovernmental organisation that plays a major role in the trade settlement of nations regulating trade set up for manufactured goods and services at the international level. In 1995, the WTO came as a replacement of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the global trading organisation of the world (Banks 2016). Precisely, the central principle of the WTO is to make trade-related dispute settlement following a mechanism governed by regulations and legislation. According to the agreement with the WTO and the members, trade disputes are settled following multilateral system instead of unilateral action (Eglin 2015). In this particular study, a current crisis of the WTO has been identified. In the meanwhile, the 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America has contributed towards a crisis situation for the WTO. As per the latest Trade Policy Agenda of the US, the trade policy to be delivered for the fut ure will resist any efforts of the WTO or its members that will weaken the trade rights of the US. Evidently, such stance of the US can be termed as a crisis for the international trade governing organisation such as the WTO limiting the administrative rights and power of the international body. In this study paper, the current crisis scenario of the WTO on this particular issue has been elaborated. Furthermore, the principal cause of the issue has been discussed providing evidence. In addition, the essay paper has demonstrated the impact of the crisis on the WTOs trade frameworks and operational activities (Dajud 2016). Moreover, the study has identified how the issue can be solved to improve the existing condition and restore the positional status of the World Trade Organisation in front of its members (Limenta 2012). Apparently, the crisis situation will result in the decline in obligation to trade and industry multilateralism as the rest of members will follow the same suit in the near future. Previously, it was criticised that international trade has been hijacked or dominated by richer countries that affects the economic growth of the poor nations. Such evidence leads to intense criticism and protest. According to Shah (2007), World Trade Organisation is a significant international body that helps to promote free trade among different economies of the world by drawing new rules and policies. Furthermore, the World Trade organisation faces several challenges and issues due to political, economical, socio-cultural, and other factors that influence the operations of the firm over the global market (Winham 2016). Notably, the WTO controls the trade operations and policies of different countries that have varied political powers controlling the ruling chair. Hence, a change in the individual policy of a member country and shift in the international trade choices may lead to imbalance in international trade and negatively impact the economic growth of developing nations. Effec tively, such policies and measures are directly related with the economic stability of developed nations (Banks 2016). The World Trade Organisation is the responsible body for controlling all sorts of trading operations of both developed and developing nations. The Global Financial Crisis during the year 2007-08 led to the financial downfall in the entire global economy resulting in a disastrous situation that resulted in shortage of trade finance (Eglin 2015). Hence, the problem of the GFC led to a major crisis situation for the WTO during and after that period. In the same manner, the issue of agricultural trade policy and political conflicts between different nations were some of the major factors that have led to crisis situation for the WTO in the past (Winham 2016). However, WTO had been quite capable in mitigating the issues of unavailability of trade finance after the Global Financial Crisis and solved the political conflicts between several economies to promote free trade across the globe. In the same manner, the WTO has faced a new crisis situation in the current scenario due to the new pol icy of the US government (Winham 2016). The change in the mindset of the US government and their policy for international trade has created different problem for the World Trade Organisation. Current Crisis in the WTO The 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America has contributed towards a crisis condition for the World Trade Organisation in the existing state of circumstances. As an intergovernmental organisation, the WTO has successfully regulated and managed the international trade for the member nations (Garred 2016). In this recent time, the Trade Policy Agenda of the US in 2017 has positioned a challenge in front of the international trade governing body. Under the Trade Policy Agenda of the US, the emphasis has been put on American sovereignty in trade agreements and policies ("WTO Crisis" 2017). According to the latest Trade Policy Agenda, the governing body of the US Trade has clarified that any efforts by the WTO and its members restricting the trade benefits and rights of the US will be resisted (Paletta et al. 2017). Clearly, the new US trade policy has contained norms that are promoting bilateral trade deals instead of multilateral and regional trade patterns. Moreover, the US trade policy confirms that the WTOs rules and regulations cannot force the US to make an alteration in the trade policies of the United States of America ("2017 Trade Policy Agenda And 2016 Annual Report Of The President Of The United States On The Trade Agreements Program" 2017). Evidently, such trade policy of the US will be a critical issue for the international trade regulatory body i.e. WTO. According to the economists, such trade policy will encourage the other members of the WTO to follow the same trend in the upcoming future. The US Trade Administrative has disregarded multilateral trade engagements as it is not beneficial for the countrys economic perspective while bilateral trade set up has been more profitable. Furthermore, the US can be identified as the leading driver of the international trade policy (Stevis and Assetto 2016). Hence, if the US Trade Administrative will be reluctant to follow the collective rule-making system of the World Trade Organisation, it will create long-term economic as well as trade uncertainties as the rest of members of the WTO will follow the same footprints. In this way, the control and sovereignty of the WTO over the international trade and policies will be restricted (Umana Dajud 2016). Under the existing circumstances, the administration led by the US President, Donald Trump has set up latest US Trade Policy stance that has been identified as the principal cause of the crisis of the WTO. In the past, the WTO has successfully managed the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) among its members to control the trade of goods. In the current scenario, the authority of the WTO may reduce as the largest economy of the world; the United States of America is disrespecting the trade and dispute settlement tactics of the WTO (Grabel 2009). Evidently, it is the dominance of the US on the global market that has contributed such crisis situation for the WTO. According to the 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America, the US will not follow any of the trade related orders carried out by the WTO or its members if those are limiting the trade benefits and profitability of the nation (Hufbauer and Jung 2016). According to Paletta and Swanson (2017), the new trade approach of the US government is expected to impact the businesses and customers across the globe. The new approach suggests putting new tariffs against the countries that practices unfair trade in order to develop adversarial relationship with China and other trading nations. Additionally, the new policy of the US government will punish the organisations that relocate their production facilities in the overseas market and sell its products in the US market (Bahar 2017). As per the US President Donald Trump, the government will use a more aggressive approach in order to enhance its economic growth and seek better positioning over the global market (Bahar 2017). However, the new policy of the US government is expected to negative impact the free trade strategy of the World Trade Organisation. It can be seen through the 336 pages report of the new US Trade Policy includes a section named as the Presidents Trade Policy Agenda that p resents some of the possible policies that would break from the international trade policy of the WTO ("2017 Trade Policy Agenda And 2016 Annual Report" 2017). The new US trade Policy include a term of putting check over the outsourcing of production process in the foreign market that would provide better employment opportunities in the domestic market (Auboin 2017). By considering the case example of Ford Motors, it can be seen that the company has been forced to cancel the development of its factory sight in Mexico after the introduction of the new trade policy of the US President just after the election (Colander 2013). Though the new policy is expected to provide better employment opportunity in the US market, the cancellation of the development of new factory sight in a cost effective location will negatively impact the financial model of the Ford Motors and lead to a loss of reputation in the Mexican market. Hence, the new trade policy of the US government will force the domestic companies to stop outsourcing their production processes and negative impact the balance of trade over the international market. The major threat that has been felt from the decision of Donald Trump government is the breakout of the US government against the policies of the World Trade Organisation. According to the article WTO Crisis (2017), the 2017s Trade Policy Agenda of the United States has emerged as a major factor leading to a crisis for the World Trade Organisation. Though the current stories of the WTO organisation depicts the success of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (FTA) in goods, the beginning of disrespecting the dispute settlement policy of the WTO from the largest economy of the world would encourage other economies to follow same suit ("WTO Crisis" 2017). Hence, it can be seen that the changes in the trade policy of the US government is the major factor leading to the current crisis faced by the World Trade Organisation in terms of encouraging free trade across the globe. Impact of the Current Crisis In the meanwhile, the current crisis of the WTO will bring a number of consequences to be discussed. In this particular section, the impact of the existing crisis of the WTO followed by 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America has been described herein below: The chance of eliminating TFA in Goods: Since the inception of the WTO, the organisation has come a long way in setting up global trade agreements between its members via the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) in goods. In the existing policy condition of the US, the 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America has threatened to leave the WTO. During such move, TFA in goods with the other members may be disrupted as well in the upcoming future. Loss of Authenticity in Global Trade Settlement: As the US Trade Policy Agreement has vowed to follow aggressive trade system for the interest of the US workers, new trade agreements can be disrespecting for the WTO. As a result of the consequences, the rest of the WTO members might follow the same suit in the near future that will lead to loss of authenticity in international trade settlement and dispute management (Moon 2015). Decline in multilateralism trade order: The main agenda of the WTO has been to promote multilateralism trade order at the international level. However, the 2017 Trade Policy Agenda of the United States of America has been focused on bilateral trade system. In this way, influence of the largest economy of the world may increase further opportunities in bilateral trade system as other WTO members may show their interest in bilateral trade agreements. Possible Trade War situation for the US: The current trade policy led by Donald Trump may force the US to face a possible trade war scenario as US exports may to deal with export tariffs imposed during the bilateral trade settlement with the countries such as China and Mexico. In this particular scenario, the GDP of the US may see a slow growth till 2026 as shown in the underlying figure. Restricting the expansion of global trade: Markedly, over the previous two decades, the WTO has largely contributed towards the expansion of global trade involving the developing countries within the multilateralism trade agreements (Destler 2016). However, the latest crisis scenario led by the US Trade Policy may restrict the expansion of global trade. Solution of the problem On the basis of the above analysis, it can be seen that the new crisis in the World Trade Organisation may lead to several negative impacts over the international trade balance and economic stability of various member countries of the WTO. Additionally, the policy of the US government may lead to several issues for the developing countries who are the member of the WTO. Hence, the international governing body needs to develop new policies to mitigate the crisis situation and promote free trade and cooperation among the various major economies of the world. Firstly, the WTO must focus on negotiating the international trade policies with the US government in order to meet their demands and make necessary changes in the Trade Facilitation Agreement to minimise the opposition of the United States (Oatley 2016). Secondly, the World Trade Organisation may use a discriminating policy by asking its members to boycott any sort of international trade with United States (Panagariya and Duttagup ta 2012). The second step will lead to economic losses for the nation as it will not get any access to developing markets in the countries that are the member of the WTO (Oatley 2016). Therefore, the US government will be forced to make changes in the 2017 Trade Policy and follow all rules and regulation of the WTO. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, it can be seen that the WTO is an international intergovernmental organisation that is responsible for regulating the trade among several economies of the world. Currently, the 2017 Trade Policy of the US government has emerged as a major factor leading to a crisis situation for the World Trade Organisation. The disrespect of the US government towards the rules and regulations of the WTO would encourage other major economies to work as independent market and lead to a chaos in the global economy. Furthermore, the policy of the US government would negatively impact the free trading strategy of the WTO and further lead to financial crisis in various developing nations of the world. The current crisis of the WTO may restrict expansion of global trade and lead to a trade war situation in the US economy. Hence, it is important for the WTO to take necessary steps in order to enforce the US government to make changes in its current trade policy. Conclusive ly, the crisis situation must be dealt with proper negotiation process and strict policy measures in order to mitigate the issue and benefit the entire global economy. Bibliography "2017 Trade Policy Agenda And 2016 Annual Report Of The President Of The United States On The Trade Agreements Program". 2017, 1-50. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2017/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2017.pdf. "2017 Trade Policy Agenda And 2016 Annual Report". 2017.United States Trade Representative. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2017/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2017.pdf. "WTO Crisis". 2017.Iasparliament.Com. https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/wto-crisis. Auboin, Marc. 2017. "World Trade Organization Response To The Crisis: A Convening Power To Boost The Availability Of Trade Finance". https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/TradeFinancech17.pdf. Bahar, Dany. 2017. "TrumpS Trade Policy: Protecting American Workers At The Expense Of American Consumers".Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/01/06/trumps-trade-policy-protecting-american-workers-at-the-expense-of-american-consumers/. Banks, Gary. 2016. "Globalisation And The World Trade Organisation".SSRN Electronic Journal. Colander, David C. 2013.Economics. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Destler, I. M. 2016.American Trade Politics. 5th ed. New Delhi: Viva Books. Eglin, Richard. 2015. "Trade And Environment In The World Trade Organisation".The World Economy18 (6): 769-779. Garred, Jason. 2016. "The Persistence Of Trade Policy In China After WTO Accession".SSRN Electronic Journal. Grabel, Ilene. 2009. "Remittances: Political Economy And Developmental Implications".International Journal Of Political Economy38 (4): 86-106. Hufbauer, Gary, and Euijin Jung. 2016. 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"Trump Suggests Ignoring World Trade Organization In Major Policy Shift".Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/03/01/trump-may-ignore-wto-in-major-shift-of-u-s-trade-policy/?utm_term=.51af4a930816. Panagariya, Arvind, and Rupa Duttagupta. 2012. "Politics Of Free Trade Areas: Tariffs Versus Quotas".Journal Of International Economics58 (2): 413-427. Shah, Anup. 2017. "The WTO And Free Trade Global Issues".Globalissues.Org. https://www.globalissues.org/article/42/the-wto-and-free-trade. Stevis, Dimitris, and Valerie J Assetto. 2016.The International Political Economy Of The Environment. 4th ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Umana Dajud, C. 2016. "Political Proximity And International Trade".Economics Politics. Winham, Gilbert R. 2016. "The World Trade Organisation: Institution-Building In The Multilateral Trade System".The World Economy21 (3): 349-368.